Echo parameter library
Every echocardiographic parameter with its normal range, pathophysiology, technique, pitfalls and the thresholds that change management.
- Aortic annulus
- Sinuses of Valsalva
- Sinotubular junction
- Ascending aorta
- Septal & posterior wall thickness
- LV internal dimensions
- LV volumes and ejection fraction
- Mitral annular systolic velocity
- Mitral annular plane systolic excursion
- Global longitudinal strain
- Left atrial diameter
- Left atrial volume index
- Right atrial volume index
- Mitral inflow E and A velocities, E/A ratio
- Mitral E-wave deceleration time
- Isovolumic relaxation time
- Early diastolic mitral annular velocity
- Late diastolic mitral annular velocity
- E/e′ ratio
- Right ventricular internal dimensions
- Tricuspid annular plane systolic excursion
- Right ventricular fractional area change
- Tricuspid annular systolic velocity
- Inferior vena cava diameter and collapse
- LVOT velocity–time integral
- Aortic valve velocity–time integral
- RVOT velocity–time integral
- Pulmonary valve velocity–time integral
- Pulmonary artery acceleration time
- Tricuspid regurgitation peak gradient
- Systolic pulmonary artery pressure
- Mean pulmonary artery pressure
- Aortic valve area
- Mitral valve area
- Pulmonary valve area
- Tricuspid valve area
- Mitral stenosis pressure half-time
- Mitral stenosis deceleration time
- Aortic regurgitation pressure half-time
- Aortic regurgitation vena contracta
- Mitral regurgitation vena contracta
- Stroke volume, cardiac output & index
- Systemic vascular resistance
- Cardiac power output
- Fluid responsiveness: PLR ΔVTI and IVC variation
- Pulmonary-to-systemic flow ratio
- Estimated left atrial pressure
- Effective arterial elastance
- End-systolic elastance
- Ventricular–arterial coupling
- Valvulo-arterial impedance
- Systemic arterial compliance
- End-systolic meridional wall stress
- LV dP/dt from the MR jet
- Non-invasive myocardial work
- Stroke work & rate–pressure product
- RV–pulmonary arterial coupling
- Pulmonary arterial compliance & PAPi
- Left atrial stiffness index
- Left atrial reservoir strain
- Pulmonary vein flow
- RV free-wall longitudinal strain
- LV eccentricity index & septal shape
- RV/LV basal diameter ratio
- Pulmonary artery signs of PH
- Doppler pulmonary vascular resistance
- PISA: EROA, regurgitant volume & fraction
- Dimensionless velocity index
- Aortic valve calcium score
- Aortic stenosis cardiac-damage staging
- AR supportive signs: jet/LVOT width & aortic flow reversal
- Wilkins (Massachusetts General) mitral echo score
- Tricuspid regurgitation grading (five grades)
- Hepatic vein flow
- Aortic growth & body-size indexing